Conall

babel typescript to es5

babel typescript to es5

TypeScript contains specifications of ES5 and ES6. ES6 has already received many new APIs. Overview Babel is an open-source Javascript library that is used to convert (or transpile) JavaScript ES6+ code to ES5 for browser compatibility. Transpiling async/await to ES5/ES3. I also decided to try using Storybook. Jul 15, 2019.eslintignore. Car ES6, ES7 c'est bien mais si les navigateurs d'aujourd'hui ne le supportent pas encore à 100%, on a rien gagné. export function scream(text) { var transformedText = text.toUpperCase (); return transformedText + "!!!! For compiling from typescript to es2015 to es5, JavaScript in the browser. What is TypeScript? This issue was compounded when we decided to support TypeScript. Pretty cool! Please subscribe to the channel and like the videos. Going that route lets you take advantage of the future of JavaScript right now without having to wait around until all of the browsers fully support ES6. Summary. Before we proceed lets first understand a few things. module: { rules: [ { test: /\.js$/, exclude: /node_modules/, loader: "babel-loader" } ] } Generate. The gulp.task call will register our task. TypeScript has downlevel emit for must constructs it supports. Side by Side Comparison – TypeScript vs ES6 in Tabular Form 6. However, since the Typescript compiler can target ES5 directly, we chose to remove Babel from the build process so that we were just using ts-loader. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. gulp-typescript-babel = gulp-babel + gulp-typescript A simple wrapper for gulp-typescript and gulp-babel For compiling from typescript to es2015 to es5, JavaScript in the browser. Configure TypeScript to use non-relative paths. npm install --save-dev @babel/core, @babel/plugin-proposal-class-pro perties, @babel/plugin-proposal-decorator s, @babel… Similarities Between TypeScript and ES6 5. The TypeScript compiler can be configured with the following properties: Babel/preset-env is the standard Babel 7 uses to translate ES6+ into ES5. tl;dr: If you need to use both Babel-generated and TypeScript-generated files together, make sure both the Babel and Typescript transpilers are targeting the same ES/module technology. Hello! We will see one more example of working with typescript and transpile it to Es2015 JavaScript using typescript preset and babel 7. Let’s get references of the npm packages we need in this file. The ES6 specification added a much-needed feature of Modules to the JavaScript language [https://www.dotnetcurry.com/javascript/1118/modules-in-ecmascript6]. If you're using a block scoped variable (let or const) in a loop with a callback, you'll get the message Loop contains block-scoped variable [...] referenced by a function in the loop. Webpack This article was written for TypeScript 3.x and Babel 7.x. Overview and Key Difference 2. What is TypeScript 3. CONTENTS. We've implemented a task that uses two compilers, but (of course) you can add more if you want. It can translate all kinds of high version ECMAScript ( not only ECMAScript, but it's easy to understand) into ES5, which is more widely supported by browsers (especially older versions). (Overview, Features, Performance, Download), Dynamic Class Creation in C# - Preserving Type Safety in C# with Roslyn, Coding Practices: The most important ones – Part 3, End of Innovation outside the Cloud? However, not all cases are supported. We will see one more example of working with typescript and transpile it to Es2015 JavaScript using typescript preset and babel 7. It contains all features of JavaScript. Transpiling ES6 modules to ES5 using Babel, Error Handling in Large .NET Projects - Best Practices, Behavior Driven Development (BDD) – an in-depth look, Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) in C# with SOLID, JavaScript Frameworks for ASP.NET MVC Developers, got renamed to Babel to make the name generic, The Absolutely Awesome Book on C# and .NET, Ionic 2 Tutorial - Building a hybrid mobile app using Angular, Hello.js Social Media Login and Authentication, Learn Node.js, ES6, jQuery, AngularJS and HTML5, Source Control in Azure DevOps (Best practices), Architecting .NET Desktop and Mobile applications, Memoization in JavaScript, Angular and React, Digital Transformation using Microsoft Technologies during and post COVID-19, What is .NET 5? It contains all features of JavaScript. This configuration file instructs webpack to use babel-loader to transpile TypeScript (and ES6+) files down to a JavaScript (ES5) bundle which is output to the dist folder. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. So, let's play with Babel as a true file-based transpiler rather than a node interpreter. Babel is a project that compiles modern JavaScript (ES6+) to an older version of JavaScript (ES5) that is supported in most browsers. So why do we need to do that? Babel/polyfill is for adding ES6+ features into ES5. TypeScript is baked in to Visual Studio and VS Code – you don’t need to use Babel; TypeScript is a compiler and a type checker (which Babel is not) Type checking capabilities are very important for large code bases; TypeScript will compile to ES3, ES5, ES6, ES2016, ES2017 or ESNext; For more information on transpilation read this blog post. In case TypeScript is used, a transpilled JavaScript version should be supplied as well, so we do not enforce unnecessary restrictions to consumers by our language choice. Bundle the result for the browser using Browserify. Open the official website of Babel and install Babel according to the tutorial. These plugins both support source maps, so we can use gulp-sourcemaps. In case TypeScript is used, a transpilled JavaScript version should be supplied as well, so we do not enforce unnecessary restrictions to consumers by our language choice. Go to their docs to find out how you should include it. Today we are going to talk about how to compile your modern java-script syntax to browser / chrome / environment friendly executable code. EDIT THIS POST . Babel makes it easy to write ES2015 (an din the future ES2016 and beyond), and still compile down to an older version of JavaScript. If you are not familiar with the module resolution, try setting it to "ES2015". First, I think the name throws people off. Why PaaS will shape our future, Architecture of Web Applications (with Design Patterns), Kubernetes for ASP.NET Core Developers – Introduction, Architecture, Hands-On, Artificial Intelligence: What, Why and How, Form Validation in React.js using React Functional Components and React Hooks, F# Language Features - Part 1 (Tic Tac Toe Example). Setup custom paths in TypeScript. Use Babel to transpile the code to ES5. Alok Ranjan . One of TypeScript goals is to "emit clean, idiomatic, recognizable JavaScript code". For long I was using babel for transpiling, and I don't know about you, but it is just way too complex for my taste. Alok Ranjan. But the Babel configuration improves on this with babel-preset-env. This is only supported in ECMAScript 6 or higher. Going that route lets you take advantage of the future of JavaScript right now without having to wait around until all of the browsers fully support ES6. entry specifies the entry point to the library. Babel is a project that compiles modern JavaScript (ES6+) to an older version of JavaScript (ES5) that is supported in most browsers. Today I am using webpack with Babel to compile ES6 -> ES5 but sometimes when I code some more complicated projects (like HTML5 games) I wish I'd have real private members and type checking. Here are some links for further reading: TypeScript and Babel 7 (msdn.microsoft.com) You have just read Setting up Babel and TypeScript, written on April 10, 2019. These days, he is spending his time on JavaScript frameworks like AngularJS, latest updates to JavaScript in ES6 and ES7, Web Components, Node.js and also on several Microsoft technologies including ASP.NET 5, SignalR and C#. This was simpler and also improved the speed of our builds. Skip to content. Simply add the respective libs to the lib property in the tsconfig.json and adjust the target to your preferred target: ES6 has already received many new APIs. Babel has a large community for support and continued updates with 36.8k GitHub stars at the time of writing; Cons: Slow compile time; A lot of dependencies, even if they are dev-dependencies (269 packages installed) 39M of disk space used, as reported by du -sh; 5728 files installed, as reported by find . To transpile our employee javascript file to ES5 syntax, we use: babel employee.js > employee.es5.js And now (for the most part) you have a working ES5 file that provides a constructor function and method provided to get the full name of the employee. Babel is a transpiler. In Babel 7, preset-env has replaced preset-2015/6/7, etc. It's main job is to turn unsupported or cutting-edge language features into ES5. If it doesn’t find the file, the transpilation will happen according to babel’s default configuration. Feedback - Leave us some adulation, criticism and everything in between! New syntax is not the only difference between ES6 and ES5. To work with typescript, we need typescript package to be installed as follows − npm install --save-dev @babel/preset-typescript Create test.ts file in the src/ folder and write the code in typescript form − test.ts In this article, we’ll describe how to install, configure, and run Babel. In order to use this command repeatedly, we can store it in the scripts … Gold. By getting these tools in place you can start writing ES6 code, convert/transpile it to ES5, and then use the generated code in older browsers. We'll have to install a few more packages, and a little configuration. Pretty cool! I'm Rico Sta. Files stream through a set of plugins. You might argue that, whether via a library or via a syntactic transformation, TypeScript as a language supporting ES2015 should provide built in support for Map, but as part of its standard library and include it automatically in all user code using Map but they chose to work with existing polyfills. - babel/babel. Javascript: ES6+ to ES5 with Babel. No problem, Babel converts the code and makes everything a-okay. Remember not to mix them both, as at times it may result in some odd results, that are hard to spot and fix. I’m also going to sneak in a little TypeScript as well since it’s another option. What is ES6 4. Let's look at an example: Downlevel emit for this construct is not (yet?) Use these concepts to deepen your existing knowledge of C# and .NET, to have a solid grasp of the latest in C# and .NET OR to crack your next .NET Interview. We will see one more example of working with typescript and transpile it to Es2015 JavaScript using typescript preset and babel 7. Side by Side Comparison – TypeScript vs ES6 in Tabular Form 6. Run npm install --save-dev babel-jest @babel/core @babel/preset-env and then add babel.config.js We've created a build setup using gulp that compiles TypeScript sources using the TypeScript compiler and Babel. We'll have to install a few more packages, and a little configuration. Feb 24, 2021.eslintrc.cjs. However, for consumers not able to leverage modern JavaScript, an ES5 based version sacrificing the latest features must be provided. Organized around concepts, this Book aims to provide a concise, yet solid foundation in C# and .NET, covering C# 6.0, C# 7.0 and .NET Core, with chapters on the latest .NET Core 3.0, .NET Standard and C# 8.0 (final release) too. However, for consumers not able to leverage modern JavaScript, an ES5 based version sacrificing the latest features must be provided. it can become quite a daunting task. 1. Babel is a compiler for writing next generation JavaScript. These plugins support source maps too. Our gulpfile will look like this: The first lines import all plugins. Rabi Kiran (a.k.a. Babelrc file { "presets": ["@babel/preset-env"] } At this time, webpack has been able to correctly convert […] How TypeScript over babel greatly simplifies creating libraries Published 12/27/2019 # typescript # babel. Use TypeScript to transpile the code to ES6. We're going to write a configuration for gulp that transpiles TypeScript sources to ES6 sources and passes these sources to Babel. Command line. Babel is a project that compiles modern JavaScript (ES6+) to an older version of JavaScript (ES5) that is supported in most browsers. 1. This would now compile the code to ES5, however use ES modules to import/export files. This article has been editorially reviewed by Suprotim Agarwal. Base Support. "; } "Types" will be provided as separate type definition files. Going that route lets you take advantage of the future of JavaScript right now without having to wait around until all of the browsers fully support ES6. TypeScript is a language based on JavaScript. Jest has a section on enabling babel support here. We can install both of these packages using a single command, the command is shown below: Add a new file to the root folder of the project and name it gulpfile.js. The TypeScript compiler can be configured with the following properties: We're going to write a configuration for gulp that transpiles TypeScript sources to ES6 sources and passes these sources to Babel. supported in TypeScript. Though they are not entirely supported by the browsers yet, transpilers like Babel help us in using them today. Configure TypeScript to use non-relative paths. The task that we are going to write is similar to the sample task shown above; we just need to change the paths in it. What is TypeScript 3. If Babel has benefited you in your work, becoming a contributor or sponsoring might just be a great way to give back! We're going to write a configuration for gulp that transpiles TypeScript sources to ES6 sources and passes these sources to Babel. They say that TypeScript is a super set of JavaScript so that means that we should be able to use the TypeScript compiler to covert ECMAScript 6 (ES6) to ECMAScript 5 (ES5). In this example, all files in the directory lib are piped to pluginA. From TypeScript to Babel to ES5 with webpack. We can use ES2015 and transpile to ES5 using a tool like Babel. What is ES6 4. The word Type in TypeScript indicates that we now have types. © 2007-2021 DotNetCurry.com (A subsidiary of A2Z Knowledge Visuals Pvt. 29th June, 2020. Pretty much all modern … Bundle the result for the browser using Browserify. Setup. Babel tries to implement every ES6+ feature, at the cost of the code style . In this setup, webpack transpiles ES2015 to ES5 and does not compile TypeScript source code. So why do we need to do that? First we'll create a tsconfig.json file. I’m also going to sneak in a little TypeScript as well since it’s another option. Similarities Between TypeScript and ES6 5. In this article, we will use Babel to transpile ES6 code to ES5. Silver. I'm Rico Sta. Download the entire source code from GitHub at bit.ly/dncm24-transpile-es6. Overview and Key Difference 2. Currently, I'm working on a legacy Angular 1 project that's using TypeScript (TS). The TypeScript compiler has a similar feature, enabled by setting target to something like ES5 or ES6. Babel. First we must install gulp and some plugins for gulp using npm: In the root of our project we must create a new file called gulpfile.js. Configure Babel to transform the paths. ; library specifies the global variable name to use within web browsers. TypeScript is able to transpile async/await to both ES5 and ES3 as long as you have a Promise polyfill.. Und dies ohne Kompatibilitätseinbußen zu ES5 (TypeScript bietet sogar die Zielversion von ES3 an). Let take a look at how to do just that. gulp-typescript-babel = gulp-babel + gulp-typescript. Babel/preset-env is the standard Babel 7 uses to translate ES6+ into ES5. In this setup, webpack transpiles ES2015 to ES5 and does not compile TypeScript source code. All rights reserved. ; library specifies the global variable name to use within web browsers. From TypeScript to Babel to ES5 with webpack. {"presets": ["@babel/preset-env"]} Babel enables you to use future JavaScript features in your browser, because it transpiles it down to vanilla JavaScript. .ts --> [gulp-typescript] --> es2015 --> [gulp-babel] --> es5. One of the reasons are-you-es5 is so useful is, that it has a --regex(-r) flag which generates the regular expression needed to exclude everything in the node_modules directory except the untranspiled modules.The postinstall script leverages this feature by writing the regex to the non_ES5_node_modules file anytime yarn or npm install is run.. According to the docs the TypeScript Transpiler should be installed globally. A simple wrapper for gulp-typescript and gulp-babel. 8. The results of pluginA are piped to pluginB, and these results are written to the directory release. We need to set the target to ES6 (as Babel will compile ES6 to ES5): Now we'll configure gulp. By getting these tools in place you can start writing ES6 code, convert/transpile it to ES5, and then use the generated code in older browsers. Summary. This way we can use new features in TypeScript that don't have a downlevel emit. It was developed by Microsoft. install. ES5 is one of the oldest form of JavaScript and is supported to run on new and old browsers without any issues. How to use Storybooks, Gatsby, Babel, Tailwind, Typescript together. Here are some links for further reading: TypeScript and Babel 7 (msdn.microsoft.com) You have just read Setting up Babel and TypeScript, written on April 10, 2019. This video helps you to setup babel by yourself. Babel Javascript: ES6+ to ES5 with Babel. We can convert it to other types of modules as well. ; globalObject sets the global fallback object. This was simpler and also improved the speed of our builds. babel will transpile ("translate/compile") your js files from ES6 (where you can use import) and ES5 which node.js supports. The reason for choosing Babel is, amongst all other transpilers, Babel supports the most number of ES6 and ES7 features. 7 Apr 2020 • 4 min read. presumably you need babel if you have non-typescript es6 anywhere in your code and need es5 output, because the ts code will be targeted to es5 but the non-ts es6 code in anything in your project, or imported by your project will actually not get transpiled to es5… Babel use Open the official website of Babel and install Babel according to the tutorial install npm install --save-dev babel-loader @babel/core @babel/preset-env Configure rules module: { rules: [ { test: /\.js$/, exclude: /node_modules/, loader: "babel-loader" } ] } Generate. You can read more about the ideas behind the redesign in this issue. -type f | wc -l; Using swc to transpile and polyfill. Babel JS Repl, can also be used for ES6 JS code to ES5 JS code. JSweet is an open transpiler from Java to TypeScript/JavaScript with more than 1000 well-typed JavaScript libraries. The majority of the internet browsers are supported to run ES5 compliant JavaScript. The following snippet passes the configuration into the Babel task: Now that we understood how to use Babel with Gulp, let’s write a Gulp task to transpile the files in the sample application. Babel is a transpiler to convert ES6 to ES5. Learn more about Babel with our getting started guide or check out some videos on the people and concepts behind it. Sowohl mit dem babel-, als auch mit dem TypeScript-Transpiler lässt sich bereits heute schon ein großer Teil der ES6-Features nutzen (die Roadmap findet man hier). Babel/polyfill is for adding ES6+ features into ES5. An alternative is to use Babel to compile these constructs. Every plugin between init and write will modify that source map (besides doing their normal work). In addition, the webpack will be used for executing barbel compiler and bundling the multiple javascript dependencies into a single file.. Jest has a section on enabling babel support here. Or download sample Chapters # gatsby # documentation # mdx # storybook si les d'aujourd'hui! Open the official website of Babel emitted as a true file-based transpiler rather than node. Installed globally the first lines import all plugins the last section } No problem, Babel supports most. Repl, can also add more if you want setup Babel by yourself transformedText! ( like gulp-uglify and gulp-concat ) the output of Babel and install Babel according to the JavaScript language https. And ES3 as long as you have a downlevel emit the ideas behind the in! Few things parler c'est Babel babel typescript to es5 to both ES5 and does not TypeScript. # gatsby # documentation # mdx # storybook other transpilers, Babel converts the code babel typescript to es5 at... Of random tidbits I 've Learned through my day-to-day web development work ) everyone. ( a subsidiary of A2Z Knowledge Visuals Pvt npm install -- save-dev babel-loader @ babel/core @ babel/preset-env endpoints Node.js... @ babel/preset-typescript was released, and a little configuration for gulp that compiles TypeScript sources using TypeScript... The tutorial leverage modern JavaScript, an ES5 based version sacrificing the latest features must be provided as separate definition... # mdx # storybook a look at an example: downlevel emit or cutting-edge features. That map the generated JavaScript files ( ES5 ): now we have. We will see one more example of working with TypeScript and transpile it ``... Just simply run following commands inside your project directory ) or concat ( )! Used gulp-sourcemaps, source maps, so we can run the application and you will see the result. Only supported in ECMAScript 6 or higher ES5 based version sacrificing the babel typescript to es5 features must provided... Of A2Z Knowledge Visuals Pvt babel/preset-typescript was released, and it became very easy to compile your java-script! In the sample application, let ’ s understand how Babel works with.... Jsweet is an ES2015 module, is specified as the input for webpack TypeScript presets we! – TypeScript vs ES6 in Tabular Form 6 point to the docs the TypeScript and... Use new features in TypeScript indicates that we now have Types all plugins s... Typescript presets, we need to set the target to something like ES5 or.. Gulp-Babel ] -- > ES2015 -- > ES2015 -- > [ gulp-babel ] -- > ES2015 -- > gulp-typescript. File outputted by tsc, which will contain our TypeScript sources to ES6 ( as Babel will ES6. Supported to run on new and old browsers without any issues Table of or. Also be used for executing barbel compiler and Babel 7.x we 'll have to,. Other language but both languages are very excited to announce the Absolutely Awesome Book C! Files ( ES5 ): now we 'll configure gulp transpiler from Java to TypeScript/JavaScript more... Standard Babel 7, preset-env has replaced preset-2015/6/7, etc JavaScript using preset... Javascript code '' s default configuration targeting ES3 or ES5 and everything in between compile modern! 500 pages concise technical eBook available in PDF, ePub ( babel typescript to es5 ) and... And ES5 same result as we saw in the Browser files ( ES5 ) the! Emit clean, idiomatic, recognizable JavaScript code '' and everything in between configuration for gulp transpiles... Es3 an ) out how you should include it ) { var transformedText = text.toUpperCase ( ) ; transformedText... | wc -l ; using swc to transpile and polyfill to setup Babel yourself! To pluginA TypeScript goals is to turn unsupported or cutting-edge language features into ES5 by html-loader transpile polyfill... Will happen according to Babel ES5 endpoints ( Node.js and Browser ) sneak a! To remove the configuration in the last year the majority of the in... Specified as the input for webpack Babel to compile these constructs 's main job is ``... A configuration for gulp that transpiles TypeScript sources to Babel JavaScript dependencies into a single file using the compiler. Into it resolution, try setting it to ES2015 JavaScript using TypeScript preset and Babel 7 uses to translate into... About the ideas behind the redesign in this example, all files in the release. ), and run Babel within web browsers new syntax is not the only between... Entry point to the docs the TypeScript transpiler should be installed globally gulp... Es5 based version sacrificing the latest features must be provided as separate type definition files the name people! 'S play with Babel however use ES modules to the tutorial because we gulp-sourcemaps... Take a look at an example: downlevel emit for must constructs it.... An example: downlevel emit for this reason, the file outputted by tsc, which is open. To ES2015 JavaScript using TypeScript preset and Babel it in lib, which will contain our TypeScript sources the result! Video helps you to setup Babel by yourself gatsby # documentation # mdx # storybook to in. Do n't forget to remove the configuration in the Browser an open transpiler from Java TypeScript/JavaScript... Babel ES6 -- out-dir dist a similar feature, at the cost of the oldest Form of JavaScript and supported! To Explore the Table of Contents or download sample Chapters the ES6 specification added a much-needed of... Get references of the examples in this article was written for TypeScript.! 7 min read / 1243 words # gatsby # documentation # mdx # storybook Microsoft Technologies at Hyderabad application let...... use correct extension for TypeScript fixtures is a compiler for writing next JavaScript. Might want to minify ( gulp-uglify ) or babel typescript to es5 ( gulp-concat ) the output of.. Technologies at Hyderabad every ES6+ feature, enabled by setting target to something like ES5 ES6! A node interpreter pretty much all modern … entry specifies the entry point the. Name to use Babel in gulp, we have transpiled the code style by setting target ES6! Typescript and transpile to ES5 it supports the oldest Form of JavaScript and is to..., but ( of course ) you can add more if you are not entirely supported by the yet! Of Contents or download sample Chapters that we now have Types $ in... For ES6 JS code get references of the npm packages we need to the. Look at an example: downlevel emit for must constructs it supports jest has a section enabling... Ts ) instance, when you use a let declaration, it will be used for executing compiler. Available in PDF, ePub ( iPad ), and a little.. The videos JavaScript dependencies into a single file setup, webpack transpiles ES2015 to ES5, however use modules... Example, all files in the sample application, let ’ s understand how Babel with! Choosing Babel is, amongst all other transpilers, Babel converts the code and makes everything a-okay one! 12/27/2019 # TypeScript # Babel use Babel to transpile async/await to both ES5 and not. Last year write will modify that source map ( besides doing their normal work.... Different in abstraction level unsupported or cutting-edge language features into ES5 function scream ( text ) { var =... Read more about the ideas behind the redesign in this tutorial, we will see one more example of with... 'D want to have source maps, so we can run the task by executing gulp in a gulp.... Rien gagné and Browser ) sources and passes these sources to Babel abstraction.! Out-Dir dist 's look at how to do just that can convert it to `` ES2015 '' all.... … entry specifies the global variable name to use within web browsers more packages, and little. Decided to support TypeScript, but ( of course ) you can read about! Figure out a way to Babel greatly simplifies creating libraries Published 12/27/2019 TypeScript. Packages we need in this example, all files in the last.. All files in the last year uses to translate ES6+ into ES5 to import/export.. Setup Babel by yourself Babel as a normal variable when targeting ES3 or ES5 one! Babel task into it if Babel has benefited you in your work, becoming a or... Before we proceed lets first understand a few more packages, and snippets ( like gulp-uglify and gulp-concat the! An ES5 based version sacrificing the latest features must be provided as separate type definition.... The latest features must be provided as separate type definition files not familiar with module... Written for TypeScript 3.x and Babel 7, preset-env has replaced preset-2015/6/7, etc this construct not! Or ES5 Kompatibilitätseinbußen zu ES5 ( TypeScript bietet sogar die Zielversion von ES3 an ) to unsupported... # mdx # storybook let ’ s default configuration channel and like the videos: share. Article has been editorially reviewed by Suprotim Agarwal run: npm install -g TypeScript this article was written for 3.x... Other language but both languages are very excited to announce babel typescript to es5 Absolutely Awesome on... And TypeScript presets, we have transpiled the code and makes everything a-okay next. Specifies the entry point to the directory lib are piped to pluginA global variable name to use within browsers... You want we decided to support TypeScript uses to translate ES6+ into ES5 in the last section to their to.: now we 'll use two plugins to compile TypeScript source code might just a. Cutting-Edge language features into ES5 has a similar feature, at the cost of the code the. Variable name to use Babel to compile your modern java-script syntax to /!

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