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how much cinnamaldehyde is in cinnamon

how much cinnamaldehyde is in cinnamon

During thermogenesis, the human body produces heat, burning off calories for energy. &{\rm{A = 56}}\\ Sue Sierralupé is a Certified Master Herbalist, Master Gardener and Sustainable Landscape Specialist. Saigon cinnamon contains more cinnamaldehyde than other types. The health benefits of cinnamon can from supplements and through diet. Let us assume the nucleus to be spherical. Which reagent is used in cinnamon oil? Our Ceylon Cinnamon powder is a premium quality powder with 1.1% essential oil content in … Learn the definition and formula of percent yield. Ceylon is considered “real cinnamon.” It comes from the inner bark of the Cinnamomum verum tree and grows in Sri Lanka and parts of India. Hydrates are compounds that contain water molecules which are chemically bonded to an element or compound. Hexyl cinnamal, as you might have guessed from its name, is also a cinnamon related fragrance. It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. It’s made from the bark inside of the Cinnamomum verum tree. Scientists have known that the benefits of cinnamon weight loss drink have the ability in the fat-burning process. Herbalism 101 – Submit your question for us to answer. Hint: Start with grams. The cinnamon factor: Using cinnamon along with an anti-inflammatory diet can help ease the symptoms of conditions brought on or worsened by excessive inflammation in the body. Ancient Egyptians used cinnamon in mummification process due to its antibacterial properties and fragrance. The quest for cinnamon brought many explorers to Ceylon, whose ancient history is intertwined with the cinnamon trade. The most common symptoms of a cinnamaldehyde allergy include swelling of the tongue or gums, a burning sensation, itching and white patches in the mouth. All information provided on this web site or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional. &{\rm{Density = }}\dfrac{{{\rm{9}}{\rm{.229 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 23}}}}}}{{\dfrac{{\rm{4}}}{{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ \times }}\dfrac{{{\rm{22}}}}{{\rm{7}}}{\rm{ \times }}{{\left( {{\rm{4}}{\rm{.6 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 15}}}}} \right)}^3}}}\\ Occurring naturally as predominantly the trans (E) isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor….Cinnamaldehyde. That’s probably much more than you need. Supplements offer greater concentration than cinnamon in our food. The radius of the nucleus is given by: {eq}\begin{align*} The HPLC was run using a reversed-phase C18 column. Cinnamaldehyde is the aldehyde that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. Cinnamaldehyde occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum like camphor and cassia. These trees are the natural source of cinnamon, and the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde. As It claimed quite powerful to decrease obesity by burning the energy on fat cells. Found inside – Page 112Asian Indians use a spicy triad trijataka (cardamom, cinnamon, and “tejapatra,” possibly cassia) for lengual ... Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) caution that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and an irritant. This led researchers to suggest cinnamon oil as a potential agent against hospital-borne infections, even those resistant to conventional antibiotics. {/eq} atom, given that the nuclear mass is {eq}9.229 \times 10^{-23} Learn how to use equations and ratios to calculate moles to mass, moles to moles, mass to moles, or mass to mass in stoichiometric calculations. Thus, the density of the nucleus of a {eq}{}_{26}^{56}{\rm{Fe}}\;{\rm{is}}\;{\rm{2}}{\rm{.26 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{17}}{\rm{kg/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{3}}} This compound is able to imitate insulin as well as its function. Although many parts of the cinnamon tree is used, most of the cinnamaldehyde is found in the bark (65-80%) with a trace amount found in the leaves (1-5%). Stoichiometry: Calculating Relative Quantities in a Gas or Solution. The more cinnamaldehyde you have the more exotic and cinnamony the oil will smell. This suggests that all nuclei have nearly the same density. In the initial post 165 mg of cinnamon oil was used for 357 micrograms of LSA. Design and customization by Mud Paw Design House. 2.9971 g of carbon dioxide and 0.5450 g of water are formed. So be careful. See examples of how to find moles from grams. Learn about the partial pressure definition, the partial pressure formula, and Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, and see examples. Cinnamon is known for its healing wonders, particularly on Type 2 Diabetes and Cinnamon contains Cinnamaldehyde. {eq}{\rm{Nuclear}}\;{\rm{Mass}}\;{\rm{ = 9}}{\rm{.229 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 23}}}}{\rm{g}} {/eq}, {eq}\begin{align*} Found inside – Page 198CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant. The allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN). “No known problems with the use of cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that ... Flavonoids work as antioxidants and may also help prevent cancer. View a sample Science answer and explanation, Empirical Formula: Definition, Steps & Examples, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The mass of cinnamaldehyde: {eq}m_{cin} = 1.0000 \ \rm g How much cinnamon should you eat a day? Found inside – Page 58Example 3.2 • A number of studies have shown that cinnamaldehyde makes up between 33.95% and 87.23% of the essential oils in Cinnamomum cassia. • In this study, the chemical fingerprints of cinnamon bark, cinnamon twigs, ... What is partial pressure? ��D[L Too much cinnamaldehyde can be harmful. {/eq}, {eq}\begin{align*} The mobile phase comprising a mixture of methanol–acetonitrile–water in volume ratio of 35:20:45 was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 cm3/min, and the detection for all samples to detect cinnamaldehyde was done at 221 nm. Found inside – Page 77... Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon essential oil, cinnamon fortified with cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon Cinnamon Bark cinnamon or leaf cinnamon ... <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> It turns out, overeating cassia cinnamon has the potential to cause liver damage, mouth sores, low blood sugar, breathing problems, and interactions with some medications.   According to Azzaro, this also has … Found inside – Page 46019Cinnamon oil contains 55Cost to Respondents : $ 11,900 ( $ 690 90 % cinnamaldehyde . However , August 24 , 1998 . filing fee / request ; consulting engineer cinnamon oil is also classified as ... The Cinnamaldehyde compound is immiscible with water because the majority of compounds are non-polar. What is Avogadro's law? &{\rm{ = 2}}{\rm{.26 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{17}}{\rm{kg/}}{{\rm{m}}^{\rm{3}}} The easiest way to take. {\rm{Nuclear}}\;{\rm{Volume}}\;&{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{\rm{4}}}{{\rm{3}}}{\rm{\Pi }}{{\rm{R}}^{\rm{3}}} What is the empirical formula of this molecule? Here are more health benefits of cinnamon that you should know about. The molecule is known to be made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Found inside – Page 173The anti-diabetic properties of cinnamon were proved to be present due to cinnamaldehyde (Subash Babu et al. ... Cinnamon and its active constituents like cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, and cinnamate have many health benefits. Cinnamaldehyde is believed to be responsible for many of cinnamon’s health benefits, like reducing heart disease risk and acting as an antioxidant. But consuming too much cinnamon can lower your blood sugar to a dangerous level and cause hypoglycemia, particularly in people taking medication for diabetes. {{\rm{R}}_{\rm{^\circ }}}&{\rm{ = 1}}{\rm{.2 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 15}}}}{\rm{m}} Ideal Gas Constant & Characteristics | What is an Ideal Gas? How much energy is released when 10.0 grams of cinnamaldehyde is combusted? It may also possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial properties. Why does cinnamon burn your tongue? The active ingredients in cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde, flavonoids and coumarin. Flavonoids work as antioxidants and may also help prevent cancer. The essential oil cinnamaldehyde is responsible for cinnamon’s flavor and aroma. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cinnamon cassia), the eternal tree of tropical medicine, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon contains Cinnamaldehyde, which may trigger allergy, such as Mouth Sores and Gum Swelling, if taken in huge amounts. Molecular Mass: Definition, Formula & Calculation. &{\rm{R = 22}}{\rm{.4 \times 1}}{{\rm{0}}^{{\rm{ - 15}}}}{\rm{m}} Found inside – Page 3692.7 Cinnamaldehyde as a TRPA1 Agonist Cinnamaldehyde, found in cinnamon, is another typical TRPA1 agonist. ... cinnamaldehyde (or cinnamon) may be a useful solution for developing therapeutic strategies that are much better adhered to ... The essential oil cinnamaldehyde is responsible for cinnamon’s flavor and aroma. Cinnamon Bark essential oil contains cinnamaldehyde & eugenol as it’s main constituents. The active ingredients in cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde, flavonoids and coumarin. ���x��,(G�/�;���[�B������O>x�|(-�>��>!&���$���h��� ����8��{ �z�O�6�m��;{�W������5�Gj�������n����>P�v�Ħ�J0B�z �Ǭ>�Aa,��>�Z��[����oGǎ��O�>�����=v�;t���F?s��;I��n�gN�ih�~E��hЈ����c}����7�1�T߻EE���4壶���(c>l�ע�$���-wȦ��-�:���9� ���r�3*��%�Y�aH�0�5� Discover the differences between Arrhenius acids and Arrhenius bases and between strong and weak acids and bases. What Is Angioplasty? �Oq���mX�O+|+/V�l���e]�g�.���/�!���'��x�6�L��4n� �e��d���v��;SBG�t;SiPA�4��X[0g�?�H�{���,~�˲���/~|��| �58� [18] of Cinnamon powder per day for 5 days, followed by 2 days of rest. {/eq}, whereas the chemical formula of glucose is {eq}C_6H_{12}O_6 �_RFn�1�;#n^����L�kŨ?��#�•�3��6XI,���*�KB�j��Uyj������/ՈU��n$���\�Dd�?������7G1-=���}�ʹT��K��%�3U�����_'��67�����ߦnz��`\BP9�2:�̣r���t��J\](���`z+?.���O���k^�l�i�e� �C3-�� 8-�8��W�^���h�Ė�����7ƼT� )�l��{�ВN�l���z� O��{�t+��=y�f�0凨���X����o7��g3���ʠk��,$֜ )�VL�M��t�q���ؕ�6����.u���]Ql���se�(��+���)��%'i�ـyL&T�6n�Lp> x�ڕ�S�&��0ֲ\��J( ,�+|B���� ��USB�;�eQ��n@j��,�F�:�;�(��}Oʀf:����FV�S�q��b6q����E����*��4��Rj\�shJ��� ְ�"Ѩt7�$/�. Found inside – Page 206It contains 1.0 to 1.5 % volaltile oil , containing 80 % or more of cinnamaldehyde . No eugenol present . ' Indian cassia ' ( Cinnamomum tamala ) has thick mucilagenous bark with mild terpenic aroma and taste . The ' true cinnamon ' is ... The laboratory test reveals on the mice. See how to determine the empirical formula from percent composition. Learn about stoichiometry of gases, molar volume, solutions, and how to use the four-step process to calculate relative quantities in a gas or solution. Cinnamaldehyde of a component of cinnamon. Cinnamaldehyde, a compound that produces cinnamon’s odor, is especially pungent for women, causing them to experience more interest than usual in lovemaking. ���� Cinnamaldehyde is an oil found in cinnamon. Molecular formulas are determined using atoms and ions. Posted by Sue Sierralupe | Chemistry, Herbal Nerd Society, Learn |. Women can use cinnamon to fight off or treat yeast infection. On day 28 of treatment fasting blood glucose levels in the CA group showed a significant reduction compared with the control group [66]. 6 grams of cinnamon can contain from to 42 to 189 mg cinnamaldehyde. The oil has been used to impart such fragrances as almond, apricot, butterscotch, hyacinth, and lilac. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. Results showed that an identification of Ceylon cinnamon was feasible based on δ 2 H cinnamaldehyde as its range was from − 112‰ to − 101‰ (n = 9) for Ceylon whereas the range for other sources (cassia and cassia vera) was from − 128‰ to − 142‰ (n = 8) (Sewenig et al., 2003). Cinnamon has an unmistakable sweet and spicy fragrance thanks to its oily composition and high concentration of cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamon contains the compound cinnamaldehyde. A study suggests that cinnamaldehyde, a chemical compound that gives cinnamon its flavor, may possibly potentially help fat cells burn energy. Found inside – Page 86Cinnamon has antifungal and smooth-muscle-relaxing effects (although clinical trials are lacking); the oil can be a dermal and ... 80% cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid (5% to 10%), eugenol, other phenylpropanoids, tannins, mucilage, ... Cinnamon extract, or liquid cinnamon, is a more concentrated source of flavor than ground cinnamon. When used in food, cinnamon oil adds sweetness with no added sugar, which is great for curbing sugar cravings. The aroma and flavor of cinnamon comes from its essential oil that makes up 0.5 to 1% of its composition, and a constituent in the oil, called cinnamaldehyde is about 50%-95% of the essential oil from the bark (I specify bark, as other parts of the plant are also used, but the bark is what is mainly consumed as spice and medicine on the market) depending on the species of Cinnamon. A comprehensive volume, Cinnamon and Cassia: Genus Cinnamomum explores in detail Srilankan cinnamon, Chinese cassia, Indonesian cassia, Indian cassia, camphor, and also the important related and useful spices of Cinnamomum. The introdu At least one of the studies showing the benefit used Ceylon cinnamon versus cassia cinnamon. Various studies have indicated that cinnamaldehyde present in cinnamon inhibits the activation of inflammation causing factors such as arachidonic acids thereby acting as an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Ceylon Cinnamon. Scientists have found that an ingredient in cinnamon could help fat-burning in humans. Research also shows how the cinnamaldehyde compound in cinnamon can reduce blood pressure. Learn how to identify limiting reactants, explore the equations to calculate excess reactants, and understand how to change the reactants' masses to moles. Therefore, if you consume too much of the spice at one time, your throat will feel parched and itchy. You'll learn to calculate the percentage atom economy of a reaction and how to calculate it to form a desired product. The higher the cinnamon’s volatile oil content, the more cinnamaldehyde it … Why is Cinnamaldehyde important? Found inside – Page 12052.2 Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon oil is the essential oil obtained from the leaves and bark of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae). Cinnamon oil is a yellow to brown liquid with a characteristic, aromatic odour and a ... Use molar mass to convert to moles. Not so fast. What is the molecular formula of the compound? Cinnamon leaf oil has a musky and spicy scent, and a light-yellow tinge that distinguishes it from the red-brown color of cinnamon bark oil Cinnamon leaf oil is lighter, cheaper and ideal for regular use. However, consuming large amounts of cinnamon at once can cause skin … endobj In cinnamon trees, this is defined by many different compounds, but 65% to 75% of the composition is cinnamaldehyde, the primary component to give off taste and odor. The empirical formula of glucose is {eq}CH_2O The products and statements made about specific products on this web site have not been evaluated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. Spices are mainly used for flavoring and they also have certain medicinal properties and are used in pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetics and several other industries. �yI��(���`b�������X:f�ۿ�>QLE�ZI��"��fIq�l ={�����.g�i�{f��t3p�2jQ&Sp����Ӽ�z�p�$�ִ�+yB�|���gm<7�J��Ld�u\_����a�A�x�W�ڧ/ �����v�G׫���I�O�x�&��Ck��Q�Rs ?��M��`��� �@ ��� J�/��r����s����6ֆ���( #Vh ���VP�ţ�qX�� ^'j��6Dy�g��c�������������M0���[�޾�X�P�����o~�q�#���j��� 0��8 ���%��7fDx���ït��_}�т|x��Hr���x��a�ȸt�#��]��x����qP/������:�������/�>=}���o���~�ۋc@��%5Kь8���?�pа_]~"Y�T�Q���_P�� 1 0 obj Cinnamon contains … Found inside – Page 570The cinnamon essential oil also contains its higher homologue , 3 - phenylpropanal ( dihydrocinnamaldehyde , 8-30 ) , which ... Many other heterocyclic aldehydes , derived from pyrrole , thiophene , pyridine , pyrazine , and other ... a. It's a skin irritant; when put on the tongue, that's perceived as "hot". Cinnamon bark is usually used medicinally in doses of 1-6 grams orally. Found inside – Page 161Cinnamon namon and this appears to be a reaction in many oil burns were found in a child , where the oil had normal ... from cinnamon powder ; patch test reactions to Smith , 1982 ) . cinnamaldehyde were found in 11/25 factory Cinnamon ... Found insideDifferent varieties of cinnamon have different levels of cinnamaldehyde, some smelling much like the one-note candy, others with more balanced, complex aromas, honey and hay and floral notes from related benzenoids and the terpenoid ... Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 CH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the trans ( E) isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. 1. Found inside – Page 160160 CINNAMALDEHYDE ETHYLENE GLYCOL ACETAL allergens. Ii cross-reacls with balsam Peru and benzoin. May cause depigmentation and hives. GRAS. ASP CINNAMALDEHYDE ETHYLENE GLYCOL ACETAL • Cinncloval. Spice, cassia, cinnamon, and clove ... Per Day (6g/0.2oz). Within just the last few years, cinnamaldehyde and the oxidized form of epicatechin are two compounds in the spice which have been found inhibit tau formation in vitro (meaning outside of the human body). Found inside – Page 101Chronic cheilitis of 1-year duration was described in an 82-year-old woman following the use of a sunscreen lipstick and a toothpaste containing cinnamon. Patch testing was positive only to 1% cinnamic aldehyde in petrolatum. Cinnamon candies contain a fair bit of it. That’s a lot. High in Antioxidants. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure: Formula | How to Find Partial Pressure. Cinnamon has been studied to lower the blood sugar level as this spice mimics the effect of insulin. Cinnamaldehyde is a yellow oily liquid with a cinnamon odor and sweet taste. This lesson will give you the steps you need to calculate the formula mass of a compound and then will briefly discuss mass spectroscopy. Review molecules, moles, mass, and weight, and learn how to add them up to calculate molar mass, which is the mass of a singular mole found in a substance. You can't put a molecule on a scale to determine its mass, so how can you figure it out? Learn about different molecular formulas and understand that ions also can determine formulas. Known as ‘true’ cinnamon 8, Ceylon is milder and sweeter, as just 50-63% of it’s essential oil is cinnamaldehyde. Its … Cinnamon, one of the oldest Chinese medicine remedies, comes from the bark of a small Asian evergreen tree. But here are the catches. Found inside – Page 277Cinnamon oil, cinnamon bark and cinnamaldehyde possess significant antimicrobial properties – showing antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal and sticks. Above: Left: Cinnamon Cassia oil. (Courtesy: Herbs of Mexico) Cinnamon ... The researchers concluded that Ceylon cinnamon powder has a short-term effect on blood pressure. The flavour and aroma of cinnamon is due to an essential oil which makes up between 1 and 4% of the bark of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree. These reactions are mostly triggered in people allergic to cinnamaldehyde. A research study suggested that 3–6 g of cinnamon per day consumption is good for health (3). Found inside – Page 578The major monoterpene hydrocarbons in volatile components of cinnamon extracts are α-pinene, camphene, and limonene.10 The main constituent of cinnamon bark oil is cinnamaldehyde (Figure 4.1), whereas eugenol is the main constituent ... Cinnamon comes in dried powdered form, usually used for baking, as an extract and as an oil. They’re practical. Cinnamon oil has a spicy uplifting scent that is great for diffusing in your home. Found inside – Page 218Many case reports of allergy to cinnamon oil relate to its presence in toothpastes, and there were also some patients with ... allergy to 'cinnamon oil' concern cinnamon bark oil, dominated by (E)-cinnamaldehyde (versus the leaf oil, ... Learn about mole-to-mole ratios, explore their role in the calculations of a chemical equation, and discover what this has to do with stoichiometry. Saigon cinnamon, on the other hand, has a higher cinnamaldehyde content, and therefore the strongest flavor. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Yes, too much cinnamon can make a food or drink taste 'hot', like chili or pepper would. As it turns out, there’s a very simple reason for this. endobj Cinnamon consists of a variety of resinous compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, cinnamic acid, and numerous essential oils [50] (Table 1). May Cause Low Blood Sugar. Names; Molar mass: 132.16 g/mol: Appearance: Yellow oil: Odor: Pungent, cinnamon-like : Density: 1.0497 g/mL: Does crotonaldehyde undergo aldol condensation? \end{align*} Learn about the six phase changes--freezing and melting, sublimation and deposition, vaporization and condensation--and understand the heating curve. Cinnamon is a source of manganese, which is vital to metabolic activities. Use moles in the reaction to determine energy released. ;Ȁ��&MM"��8�|%�<74�j�#�b�Gx8�W�w�ֵ&?�^�%�5�A���1r= 4�SA���Gv�#�; c�9��V�A�D�����S+��S�JkVi�'�>����4I�I�@���1 +:��KJ���G(%���_�_J�ߑUax�tm�r������54��>M-F����=h���ThB�$aQ�:�����q�f4� If you’re only taking a fair amount of Cinnamon, your saliva may be able to … That is a compound that can lead to skin irritation if applied directly to the skin without first being diluted with a carrier oil. Coumarin is a chemical naturally found in cinnamon that can have toxic effects. Cinnamon contains approximately 1 to 3.5% essential oil. Cinnamon is a popular spice around the world, but there are other uses. Multiple drugs resistance organisms (MDRO) and antibiotics side effects are among the most worrisome issues in an effort to treat infectious diseases. <> Probably a 10:1 ratio of cinnamaldehyde to LSA is plenty enough to ensure the reaction will take place. <> Lowers … Learn about an ideal gas constant and its characteristics. Do this as one long problem. Limiting Reactants & Calculating Excess Reactants. Cinnamaldehyde is a food additive, and the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) categorizes it under the “generally-recognized as safe” (abbreviated GRAS) grouping of compounds. Cinnamon Leaf Oil trades some of the smell for more of the … Found insideCinnamon leaf oil also contains many of the major constituents present in cinnamon bark oil (e.g., cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol acetate, and benzaldehyde), as well as other minor compounds, like humulene, isocaryophyllene, ... {/eq}. Although the Cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamon mimics insulin, it cannot copy the job as fast as insulin does, but it still does the job. 2 min. The active compound in cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde was tested using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The main ingredient in the oil is cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is the bioactive compound that gives cinnamon its scent and flavor. Especially if you are taking medication. The content of the cinnamaldehyde compound in cinnamon can pose a risk of triggering allergic reactions and irritation of the tissues in the mouth and lips if consumed in large quantities. Using mass spectroscopy, the molecular weight of the molecular is determined to be 132.15 amu. This compound is usually a trans isomer (e-cinnamaldehyde) but can appear as a cis isomer about 20-30% of the time.

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